3D PRINTING

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.

These seven processes are:

1. Vat Photopolymerisation
2. Material Jetting
3. Binder Jetting
4. Material Extrusion
5. Powder Bed Fusion
6. Sheet Lamination
7. Directed Energy Deposition

Vat Photopolymerisation

A 3D printer based on the Vat Photopolymerisation method has a container filled with photopolymer resin which is then hardened with UV light source.

Material Jetting

In this process, material is applied in droplets through a small diameter nozzle, similar to the way a common inkjet paper printer works, but it is applied layer-by-layer to a build platform making a 3D object and then hardened by UV light.

Binder Jetting

With binder jetting two materials are used: powder base material and a liquid binder. In the build chamber, powder is spread in equal layers and binder is applied through jet nozzles that “glue” the powder particles in the shape of a programmed 3D object. The finished object is “glued together” by binder remains in the container with the powder base material. After the print is finished, the remaining powder is cleaned off and used for 3D printing the next object.

Powder Bed Fusion

This technology uses a high power laser to fuse small particles of plastic, metal, ceramic or glass powders into a mass that has the desired three dimensional shape. The laser selectively fuses the powdered material by scanning the cross-sections (or layers) generated by the 3D modeling program on the surface of a powder bed. After each cross-section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered by one layer thickness. Then a new layer of material is applied on top and the process is repeated until the object is completed.

Sheet Lamination

Sheet lamination involves material in sheets which is bound together with external force.

Directed Energy Deposition

This process is mostly used in the high-tech metal industry and in rapid manufacturing applications.

It is predicted by some additive manufacturing advocates that this technological development will change the nature of commerce, because end users will be able to do much of their own manufacturing rather than engaging in trade to buy products from other people and corporations.

3D printers capable of outputting in colour and multiple materials already exist and will continue to improve to a point where functional products will be able to be output. With effects on energy use, waste reduction, customization, product availability, medicine, art, construction and sciences, 3D printing will change the manufacturing world as we know it.

OMG......... i never thought this !!!!

Life before Computer:  .

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-Window was a square hole in a room
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-Application was something written in paper
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-Mouse was an animal
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-Keyboard was a Piano
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-File was a important office material
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-Hard Drive was a uncomfortable road trip
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-Cut was done with Knife n Paste was done with Glue
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-Web was spider's home
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-Virus was flu
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-Apple and Blackberry were just fruits.

Microsoft launches women's safety app

Microsoft India today said it is introducing Guardian, a new safety application (app), available exclusively for Windows phone users in India.

Incidents such as 'Nirbhaya' prompted the global IT giant to come out with an app aiming at protecting women, Microsoft-IT India managing director Raj Biyani said.

Explaining its features, Biyani said Guardian enables users to switch on a 'track me' feature in the app that lets friends and family track them in real time using Microsoft Windows Azure cloud services and Bing Map APIs.

Guardian users can call for help through an 'SOS' alert button and also connect to security agencies, police and hospitals easily via this app in times of distress.

The app was developed over six months by a group of enthusiastic Microsoft employees in India, within the Microsoft Garage. Microsoft Garage is a global employee innovation initiative that gives Microsoft employees an outlet to explore ideas in their free time, Biyani said.

"Our employees wanted to do something to enable people to feel safer in our cities. So they used their spare time to develop Guardian. It is a robust personal security app with more safety features and capabilities than any other comparable app available to Indian smartphone users today," Biyani told reporters after launching the app.

To use Guardian effectively, users need to add the names of friends, family members and security groups to the settings and in an emergency situation, the app can be used to alert them, via the SOS button. All the user has to do is tap the SOS button, a Microsoft official said.

"The phone then sends a distress SMS to all buddy mobiles, notifying them of the emergency along with location details. At the same time the SOS button also sends emails to buddy email IDs and posts to private Facebook groups, if registered," the official said.

Guardian uses Microsoft Windows Azure cloud services and Bing Map APIs extensively and can help security authorities and medical teams track the user. The phone can be traced even if it is broken. The application is capable of one touch video recording that may be used later as evidence, the official added.











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who invented whatsapp !!!

That was one Smart Guy
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who Invented"WhatsApp"
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But I bet it was his Wife .
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who Added a feature in it.
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called
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'Last Seen At'

pictorial rep. of "OHM'S LAW"

pictorial rep. of "OHM'S LAW"

Y do ENGINEERING students always prefer local author books then REFERENCE books..??

Y do ENGINEERING students always prefer local author books then
REFERENCE books..??

The local author says;

“Jack & Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water,
jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after"

&
REFERENCE BOOK says;

“ 2 humans ascended a certain geological protuberance to collect
hydride of oxygen whose quantity is not specified.
One member Jack of rapid irregular disturbing movements encounter fatal logical gravitational error leading to complete disarray.
Other member whose scope lies within disarray descends down the geographical protuberance at an acceleration,
whose magnitude is controlled by the force of gravity. ”

Thoko Like...!!!

solve this to increase your skills !!

A train running at the speed of 60 km/hr crosses a pole in 9 seconds. What is the length of the train?

A. 120 metres                  B. 180 metres

C. 324 metres                  D. 150 metres

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Speed=60 x5m/sec=50 m/sec.

Length of the train = (Speed x Time) =50x 9m = 150 m.

re entrancy

do you know the concept of Reentrancy?

It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple users can share a single copy of a program during the same period. Reentrancy has 2 key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself, and the local data for each user process must be stored separately. Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters. The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack.
Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the procedure.

whom we can marry then ??

Never marry a Testing girl since she always doubts U .Never marry a DATABASE girl since she always wants herhusband to be a UNIQUE key.Never marry a C girl because she always have a tendencyto BREAK the things and EXIT from house.Never marry a C++ girl as u may encounter some problemsin INHERITANCE.Never marry a JAVA girl since she always throwsEXCEPTIONS.Never marry a VB girl since she has divorce FORM with heralways.Never marry a UNIX girl ,she always dump u with a core.Never marry a PASCAL girl ,she always scolds u as rascal.Never marry a COBOL girl since she may be very good inDIVISION of families.Never marry a NETWORK girl since she may be very good inshooting troubles.Better marry a girl not belonging to SOFTWARE FAMILYMARRY A GIRL FROM A "HARD"WARE FAMILY , THEN..

FINALLY WESTERN DIGITAL HAVE STEPPED IN MY CLOUD !! ...http://www.wdc.com/en/products/products.aspx?id=1140

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Before Hyperloop: 6 Futuristic Transit Ideas

The Hyperloop transportation scheme proposed by billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk has created quite a stir in transportation circles. But Musk is hardly the first to turn heads with a transport idea that's either brilliant or wacky.
Ever since man first dreamed of flight, humans have been trying to come up with a better way of getting from point A to point B.

While some of the following efforts are more creative than practical, all of them highlight the power of the human imagination to lift our spirits — even if they don't always keep them aloft.1. The flying car
A few years ago, Terrafugia developed the Transition, a $279,000, street-legal vehicle that converts from auto mode to airplane mode in less than a minute. It's even small enough to fit into the average American garage. But why stop there? Terrafugia has now announced the TF-X, a four-seat, plug-in hybrid electric flying car with fly-by-wire vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities. It's still in development, however, and probably will be for at least eight years. [What on Earth Is a Hyperloop?]
2. The Hovercraft golf cart
Your leisurely weekend golf game is about to get a lot faster: In July, the Windy Knoll Golf Course in Springfield, Ohio, debuted its hovercraft golf cart. The $25,000 vehicle floats above land, water or sand traps. But operating one isn't for every duffer: "You’ve got to have some technique and skill," Chris Fitzgerald, president of Neoteric Hovercraft, which has been developing hovercrafts for clients like the U.S. military, told Yahoo News. "It's not a device that's going to replace the golf cart. It's not something everyone can just get in and fly."
3. The space elevator
When Frank Sinatra crooned, "fly me to the moon," he probably thought that was the easiest way to get there. But why fly when you can take a space elevator? LiftPort Group, a company headed by Michael Laine (a former NASA researcher), says it can build a space elevator on the moon using existing technology, including ultrastrong carbon nanotube composite ribbon stretching about 62,000 miles (100,000 kilometers) from Earth into space. And there may even be a space-elevator race going on: Obayashi Corp. of Japan has a goal of building a space elevator by 2050.
4. The jetpack
Perhaps no other transport technology has elicited more demand thanjetpacks, the strap-on devices that promise to someday propel individuals through the air (they've even inspired an indie-rock band named We Were Promised Jetpacks). And jetpacks do exist: New Zealand-based Martin Aircraft Company has created a large, noisy but functioning jetpack that's not quite ready for prime time. "While there are a number of barriers to this presently," according to the company's website, "it is not inconceivable that at some stage in the future commuting via jetpack may become a reality."
5. The pneumatic subway
In 1869, just a few years after the end of the Civil War, Alfred Beach began construction of a pneumatic subway line beneath New York City. In Beach's prototype, one car traveled a single block under Broadway; in its first year of operation, about 400,000 passengers paid a quarter to ride one way and back. The line was powered by a 48-ton fan, which pushed the car one direction; when the car reached the end of the line, the fan was reversed and the car was pulled back the other direction. A similar pneumatic railway operated beneath London's Crystal Palace Park in the 1860s.
6. The Helios aircraft
Depending on your point of view, there may be no lovelier or stranger-looking aircraft than the Helios, a solar-powered prototype that somewhat resembled a giant flying smile. Developed by NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project and built by engineering firm AeroVironment, the Helios was designed to operate at high altitudes for long-duration flight. But as so often happens with experimental aircraft, the Helios met with a catastrophic end: In June 2003, after hitting some turbulence, the Helios broke apart and crashed into the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii.

10 Worst Tech Predictions of All Time

In the technology world, bold predictions abound, and they should. Placing big bets in one direction or another is how this industry works. Some pundits try to make educated guesses about where tech is headed, while others prognosticate in reaction to disruptive technologies that could boost (or threaten) their business.

As we all know, foretelling what's going to happen in 5, 10 or 30 years is pretty much impossible, but some predictions are so spectacularly wrong that they should be immortalized. That's why I've selected these gems from some of the biggest names, publications and research firms to present the 10 worst tech predictions of all time. A couple of these timelines haven't yet passed, but I feel comfortable predicting them as total fails now.

The iPhone Has No Chance

“There’s no chance that the iPhone is going to get any significant market share.”
Steve Ballmer, Microsoft CEO (April 2007)

Back in 2007, the world was in a frenzy over the iPhone (aka the Jesus Phone), which combined a widescreen iPod with a full-fledged browser and introduced the masses to multi-touch displays. Steve Jobs claimed that the iPhone was five years ahead of the competition, but the head of Microsoft wasn’t having it.
In April of that year Steve Ballmer told USA Today that “there’s no chance that the iPhone is going to get any significant market share. No chance.” Ballmer cited the iPhone’s relatively high $499 subsidized price as one of the reasons the device would flop. Fast forward to 2013 and the iPhone commands 42 percent of U.S. smartphone market share and 13.1 percent worldwide.

Original Apple-1 Computer Auctioned for $387,750

An original Apple computer — one of the first 25 that were hand-built by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak — was recently sold for $387,750. The Apple-1 computer, assembled in 1976, is inscribed with the serial number 01-0025, along with Wozniak's signature, "Woz," in black ink, according to Christie's, which handled the online sale.

Beginning in 1976, the Apple Computer Company (now known as Apple Inc.) produced approximately 200 Apple-1 computers. The devices, which were designed by Wozniak and hand-built in Steve Jobs' parents' garage, were originally sold for $666.66.

The recently sold Apple-1 is in working condition, but does feature scratches, faded coloration and general signs of age, according to Christie's. The computer was one of several vintage tech products sold online by the auction house.

3D Printing Weaves Its Way into Fashion

The latest runway fashions aren't made with a sewing machine, but with a printer.

3D printing has been around for decades, but it has just started to weave its way into the world of fashion. A technology once used primarily for prototyping is now spitting out wearable items. Already, 3D printers are used to make jewelry and high-end apparel, and it may not be long before people can print out clothing from the comfort of their living rooms.

In fact, consumers will be printing their own clothing by 2020, according to inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil

Printed attire

In February, burlesque dancer Dita Von Teese made a dramatic entrance at a conference held at the Ace Hotel in New York City, wearing a 3D-printed, black-nylon Swarovski-crystal-studded dress. Designers Francis Bitonti and Michael Schmidt (who has designed outfits for Lady Gaga and Tina Turner) collaborated to create the gown, which was printed by the New York-based company Shapeways.

The dress has almost 3,000 independently movable joints. It looks kind of unreal, Bitonti said. "There's a precision we're not used to encountering in the physical world," he noted.The chainmail design makes the dress very flexible, so it can be put on and taken off as an ordinary dress would. Still, it's not exactly street attire. "You don't wear a chainmail dress out to the grocery store," Bitonti told LiveScience.

To create such a futuristic garment, designers made computer drawings that were fed into a 3D printer, which created the interlocking design by laying down thin layers of nylon powder and fusing them with a laser — a process known as laser sintering. They printed the dress in 12 pieces, which were dyed black and superglued together by hand.

Cry Analyzer Could Indicate Babies' Health

From soft, coo-like whimpers to heartbreaking sobs, a baby's cries can evoke strong emotions, and yet the reasons for crying can remain mysterious. But now, a new tool for analyzing the sound of a baby's cry could provide clues to crying patterns that might signal health problems.

The cry analyzer, developed by researchers at Brown University, can perceive slight variations in cries that a human ear can't detect. These variations could be used to identify neurological problems or developmental disorders, the researchers say.

"The cry might tell you something you might not otherwise pick up," said psychiatrist Barry Lester of Brown University, part of the team that developed the cry analyzer.

The cry analyzer consists of a standard digital voice recorder for capturing crying sounds, and a computer program that analyzes the sounds and extracts a suite of information about their acoustic features. The system breaks down the cries into 10-millisecond blocks, and measures the pitch, or fundamental frequency — the rate at which the vocal cords vibrate. The average fundamental frequency for a typical baby is about 300 to 400 Hertz, Lester said.

Two cries can have the same fundamental frequency, but still sound different because of differences in the shape and tension of the vocal tract. The brain modifies vocal tract tension via the cranial nerves. "Since the cry is controlled by cranial nerves, now we have a connection between the cry and the brain,"

Incredible Technology: How Supercomputers Solve Giant Problems

Today's supercomputers are marvels of computational power, and they are being used to tackle some of the world's biggest scientific problems.

Current models are tens of thousands of times faster than the average desktop computer. They achieve these lightning-fast speeds via parallel processing, in which many computer processors perform computations simultaneously. Supercomputers are used for everything from forecasting weather to modeling the human brain.

What sets supercomputers apart is the size and difficulty of the tasks they can tackle and solve, said Jack Wells, director of science at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. [9 Super-Cool Uses for Supercomputers]

"Supercomputers can do supersize problems," Wells said.

Supercomputers are often built from the same components as regular computers, but they're integrated so they can work together, Wells told LiveScience.

The first supercomputers were developed in the 1960s, designed by electrical engineer Seymour Cray of Control Data Corporation (CDC). In 1964, the company released the CDC 6600, often considered to be the world's first supercomputer. Cray later formed his own company, which made the Cray-1 in 1976 and Cray-2 in 1985.

These early supercomputers had only a few processors, but by the 1990s, the United States and Japan were making ones with thousands of processors. Fujitsu's Numerical Wind Tunnel became the fastest supercomputer in 1994 with 166 processors, followed by the Hitachi SR2201, in 1996, with more than 2,000 processors. The Intel Paragon edged into the lead in 1993. As of June 2013, China's Tianhe-2 was the world's fastest supercomputer.

Supercomputer performance is measured in "flops," short for floating-point operations per second. Today's machines can achieve speeds in petaflops — quadrillions of flops.

The TOP500 is a ranking of the world's 500 most powerful supercomputers. China’s Tianhe-2 achieves 33.86 petaflops, while the Cray Titan reaches 17.59 petaflops, and IBM's Sequoia ranks third at 17.17 petaflops.

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Human Touch: Sensor Lets Robots 'Feel'

Robots do not look human just yet, but soon they may get the "human touch." Researchers say they have developed a flexible sensor able to detect temperature, pressure and humidity simultaneously, and more accurately than currently existing devices.

In addition to improving robotics, the sensor could one day be embedded into the "electronic skin" of prosthetics, to help amputees sense environmental changes.

The sensor is "a huge step towards imitating the sensing features of the human skin," said study author Hossam Haick, a professor of chemical engineering and nanotechnology at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa. The device is about 10 times closer to how real human skin senses the environment, compared with other designs.

When the plastic is bent or pressed upon, the nanoparticles inside shift, and the distances between them change. This shift affects how quickly electrons can pass between the particles, altering the electrical characteristics of the sensor.
Temperature and humidity also affect the distance between the nanoparticles in a similar way, he added. "By using a combination of software and hardware operations, it is possible to isolate the values for humidity, temperature and touch — making the sensor 3-in-1."

Of course, to function as a real artificial skin, the signals received by a tactile prosthetic limb would have to be transmitted to the brain. To do so, the sensor would have to be connected to the human nervous system, and the technology for such a connection does not exist.

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False Memories Implanted in Mice

Tinkering with the brains of mice, scientists have given the rodents memories of events that never occurred.

The researchers used a technique that involves activating neurons with light to train mice to "remember" a painful experience in a completely different context from that in which they experienced the pain. The false memories were encoded by brain cells in the same way as real memories are sealed in.

Even without any scientific manipulation, memories can be unreliable. Many studies have shown the limits of eyewitness testimony in the courtroom, for instance. But few studies have looked at how false memories are formed at the cellular level

Implanting mice memories

Last year, Tonegawa and his colleagues showed that such cells do exist in a part of the hippocampus, the brain’s memory center. The researchers genetically engineered mice to make certain neurons light-sensitive — a technique known as optogenetics — so that shining a blue light on the cells activated them.

The mice were put in a chamber where they experienced foot shocks, causing them to freeze in fear. The animals learned to associate the shocks with the chamber, forming a fear memory. Then the researchers put the mice in a different chamber, and shone a blue light on the cells that encoded the foot-shock memory. The animals reacted as fearfully as if they were in the first chamber.

In the present study, Tonegawa's group took the experiment a step further. First they allowed the mice to explore the first chamber without getting a foot shock. Then they put the mice in a second chamber where they gave them foot shocks while shining a blue light on the cells that encoded the memory of the first chamber. They wanted to see whether, when they put the mice back into the first chamber, they would react as if they had been shocked there.

The mice did exactly that, showing fear when they were placed in the first chamber, even though they had never experienced a shock there. The researchers had succeeded in implanting a false memory into the mice. The findings were detailed online today (July 25) in the journal Science.

False human memory

The findings provide a model for how false memories might be formed in humans. Before the advent of DNA testing, many criminals were convicted primarily on the basis of eyewitness testimony. When their DNA was tested later, "three out of four people imprisoned for many years based primarily on witness recall turned out be innocent," Tonegawa said.

Tonegawa described the famous case of a woman who was watching TV when a man broke into her apartment and raped her. The man she accused as her rapist was a psychiatrist who had been on TV at the time she was raped. The psychiatrist was in a TV studio and therefore could not have been the rapist, and yet the woman swore it was him, because she had formed a false memory associating the sound of his voice with the rape.

"Like our mouse case, only the false memory prevailed," Tonegawa said.

So how could humans have evolved the ability to form false memories? Tonegawa speculates that false memory is the price humans pay for creativity. Our imagination makes us inventive, but it also makes us susceptible to conflating events that did and didn’t happen.

SUMMER TIME METHOD OF PREPARING ICE CREAMS

The ultimate summer treat is, arguably, ice cream. Some 1.5 billion gallons of ice cream and other related frozen desserts are made every year in the United States, with production peaking (as one might expect) in the sultry summer months, according to the International Dairy Foods Association.

What are the tricks behind creating ice cream? From a chemistry perspective, this delectable substance is actually quite an unnatural thing. Technically, the creamy treat is a colloid, meaning it consists of fine particles dispersed in a continuous medium.

"Ice cream is basically made up of little ice crystals and air bubbles and fat droplets, all sort of glued together by a viscous sugar solution," said Chris Clarke, author of "The Science of Ice Cream" (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005). [The Mysterious Physics of 7 Everyday Things]

On their own, these ingredients would not stay isolated and oriented in a smooth, continuous structure. So, to pull this arrangement off, ice cream essentially must be frozen and whipped at the same time, then kept cold lest its separate ingredients start gloaming together, ruining the texture.

With ice cream, "you're working against thermodynamics," Clarke said, meaning the science of heat and energy in systems. "You have lots of little things that can save energy by becoming one big one and want to come together," Clarke said.

The key to producing ice cream, Clarke said, is to make the bubbles and ice crystals small, and the smaller they are in the first place the better the ice cream will be.

Ice cream today is made much the way it was when Philadelphian Nancy Johnson invented a hand-cranked ice cream freezer back in the 1840s.

The ice cream ingredients of milk, cream, sugar and flavoring get whipped around (and thus aerated) by a blade in a tube that is chilled from the outside. In Johnson's day, ice and salt (which lowers the freezing point of water) did the trick, and nowadays liquid ammonia is more often used outside the tube, Clarke explained.

Whenever the ice cream mixture touches the wall of the tube, it freezes. To prevent the crystals from getting too big, the blade inside the tube also scrapes the crystals off right after they form. "That clears the walls and more ice crystals form," Clarke told LiveScience. "The colder and better the scraping, the smaller the ice crystals."

Liquid Droplets Reveal Clues To Quantum Behavior

(ISNS) -- After a droplet falls onto a vat of vibrating liquid, what it does next could help solve fundamental mysteries in quantum physics. Now, scientists have mapped out the behavior of such drops to more detail than ever before, discovering new ways in which they can move.

If a vat of fluid throbs with too little force, the droplet falling onto it will merely disappear into the liquid. With just the right amount of force, however, the drop will bounce in place or even walk across the surface of the fluid. It can also behave even more unusually. Depending on how the liquid is shaken, it might regularly switch the sizes of its jumps, or zigzag about in unpredictable ways.

Increasingly, scientists find the way these walking droplets behave uncannily mimics strange effects previously only seen on a microscopic level in the quantum realm, where objects can apparently exist in two or more places at the same time or spin in two opposite directions simultaneously.